RESUMO
BACKGROUND: A low education level has been associated with cognitive impairment in older adults. AIM: To determine the association between educational attainment and suspicion of cognitive imparirment in older Chilean population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from 2,005 adults aged ≥ 60 years assessed during 2016-2017 Chilean National Health Survey were included. Education was self-reported and categorized as primary: ≤ 8 years; secondary: 9 to 12 years and beyond secondary: > 12 years. suspicion of cognitive imparirment was assessed with the Mini-Mental questionnaire. RESULTS: Men and women with low education attainment had a higher prevalence of cognitive impairment (33% [95% confidence intervals (CI): 24; 41] and 27% [95% CI: 21; 33], respectively). Men who reported less schooling (≤ 8 years) were more likely to be at risk of suspicion of cognitive imparirment (Odds ratio (OR): 4.53 [95% CI: 1.10, 18.62]) compared to their peers. Women showed a substantially higher magnitude of association than men. The probability of suspicion of cognitive imparirment increased 9-times (OR: 9.96 [95% CI: 1.24; 79.6]) for 9-12 years and 18-times for ≤ 8 years of education (OR: 18.8 [95% CI: 2.42; 146.1]) compared to women with higher education. CONCLUSIONS: Older adults with low education attainment had an increased likelihood of developing suspicion of cognitive imparirment. However, the risk differs by sex, being higher in women than men.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Escolaridade , Disfunção Cognitiva/epidemiologia , Chile/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Cognição , Estilo de VidaRESUMO
Background: Cardiorespiratory fitness is a strong predictor of mortality and chronic diseases. However, its estimation is costly and time consuming which may limit it broad use in population-based studies. Aim: To estimate the cardiorespiratory fitness of the Chilean population by using equations and to characterize fitness levels of the Chilean population by sociodemographic factors. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 5,958 adults from the Chilean Health Survey conducted between 2016 and 2017. Cardiorespiratory fitness was estimated from sex-specific equations for men and women and expressed as METs (Energy Metabolic Equivalent). Fitness levels were characterized by sociodemographics factors (age, sex, education, income and area of residency). Results: Fitness levels were higher in men (9.01 METs) than in women (6.76 METs) and in average decrease by 0.59 and 0.34 METs per each year increment in age for men and women, respectively. Fitness levels were 12.7 METs and 7.8 METs for 20-year-old men and women, respectively. However, fitness levels decreased to 7.8 METs and 4.3 METs in 90-year-old men and women, respectively. Fitness levels were also higher in individuals living in urban setting, those with higher education or income levels and lean individuals. Conclusions: This study reports fitness levels in a nationally representative sample of Chile. Fitness levels were higher in men than women however, its decline with age was more pronounce in men than women.
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Síndrome Metabólica , Aptidão Cardiorrespiratória , Chile/epidemiologia , Aptidão Física , Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Equivalente MetabólicoRESUMO
RESUMEN Introducción: La determinación del nivel de actividad física (AF) puede realizarse a través de acelerómetro o mediante cuestionario de auto-reporte. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar los niveles de AF entre un cuestionario de auto-reporte y la medición con acelerómetro de movimiento según factores sociodemográficos en la población chilena. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal que incluyó a 230 adultos chilenos participantes del proyecto Genes, Ambiente, Diabetes y Obesidad (GENADIO). Niveles de AF fueron medidos mediante el cuestionario Internacional Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) y acelerómetro de movimiento (ActiGraph). Resultados: IPAQ subestimó los niveles de AF total en comparación a la medición con acelerómetro (delta [IPAQ-Acel.]= −55,7 min/día). Según nivel educacional, se evidenció que el cuestionario IPAQ sobreestimó los niveles de AF total en personas con bajo nivel educacional (delta [IPAQ-Acel.]= 70,4 min/día), pero subestimó la AF total en personas con enseñanza media o técnico universitaria (delta [IPAQ-Acel.]= −67,9 y −135,6 min/día, respectivamente). Resultados similares fueron observados para los distintos niveles de ingreso socioeconómico (NSE). Conclusión: El cuestionario de auto-reporte IPAQ subestimó los niveles de AF total en comparación a la medición por acelerómetro; sin embargo, estas diferencias variaron según factores sociodemográficos.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Determining level of physical activitY (PA) can be done with objective measurement, through accelerometer, or by subjective measurement through self-report questionnaire. The aim of this study was to compare PA measurements derived from a self-reported questionnaire and accelerometer according to sociodemographic factors in the Chilean population. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study which included 230 Chilean adults participating in the GENADIO study (Genes, Environment, Diabetes and Obesity). PA levels were measured through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and GT1M accelerometer (ActiTrainer, ActiGraph). Results: IPAQ questionnaire underestimated the total PA levels compared to the accelerometer measurement (delta[IPAQ-Acel.]= −55.7 min/day). According to educational level, IPAQ questionnaire overestimated PA level in people with low educational level (delta[IPAQ-Accel.]= 70.4 min/day), but underestimated total PA in people with secondary education or university technician (delta[IPAQ-Accel.]=-67.9 and-135.6 min/day, respectively). Similar results were observed for the different levels of socioeconomic income. Conclusion: The IPAQ questionnaire underestimated total PA levels compared to accelerometer; however, these differences varied according to sociodemographic factors.
Assuntos
Adulto , Exercício Físico , Obesidade , População , Doença Crônica , Ensino Fundamental e Médio , Meio Ambiente , GenesRESUMO
RESUMEN Cumplir las recomendaciones incluidas en las Guías Alimentarias permite un acercamiento hacia un estilo de vida saludable. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar los estilos de vida de la población chilena y su asociación al cumplimiento de 5 recomendaciones de las Guías Alimentarias Basadas en Alimentos (GABA) chilenas. Se utilizaron datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017. Los participantes fueron divididos en 4 grupos: aquellos que no cumplieron con ninguna recomendación, los que cumplían una, los que cumplían con 2 y los que cumplían con 3 o más recomendaciones saludables, estableciendo a este último como grupo de referencia. El 43,3% de la muestra no cumplió ninguna de las recomendaciones incorporados en esta investigación. De los que cumplían a lo menos 3, el 35,9% presentó un estado nutricional normal, el 38,9% reportó nunca haber fumado y el 82% se auto percibía como saludable. Además, los que cumplían las recomendaciones, presentaron niveles más altos de actividad física. Personas que incorporan y aplican las recomendaciones de las GABA, tienden a presentar conductas de vida más saludable. Estrategias comunicacionales efectivas y formativas en educación alimentaria sobre estas recomendaciones son claves para prevenir el acelerado y temprano crecimiento de las patologías crónicas.
ABSTRACT Compliance with dietary guidelines is essential for adoopting a healthy lifestyle. This study aimed to characterise the lifestyles of the Chilean population according to the fulfilment of 5 recommendations of the Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (GABA in Spanish) established in Chile according to WHO definition. Data from the 2016-2017 National Health Survey were used. Participants were divided into four groups: those who did not meet any recommendations, those who met one, those who met two and those who met three or more (reference group) GABA health recommendations. 43.3% of the sample did not meet any of the recommendations incorporated into this study. Of those who fulfilled at least three recommendations, 35.9% had a normal nutritional status, 38.9% reported never having smoked, and 82% perceived themselves as healthy. In addition, those who fulfilled the recommendations presented higher levels of physical activity (1343.5 MET/min/day [95% CI: 1049.9 - 1637.2]). From the results, it is inferred that people who incorporate and apply GABA recommendations tend to present healthier life behaviours. Consequently, effective and formative communication strategies in food education on these recommendations are crucial to preventing a fast and early growth of chronic diseases.
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Humanos , Estado Nutricional , Alimentos , Estilo de Vida , Exercício Físico , Saúde , Doença CrônicaRESUMO
Ageing will be one of the most significant social transformations of the 21st century worldwide. In the last 40 years, Chile has tripled its older adult population. As a result, by 2050 the country will have the highest proportion of older adults in Latin America. This remarkable growth reinforces the need to identify their current situation and to revise what is the society doing to maintain older people as active members. In this context, this narrative revision aimed to describe the sociodemographic, epidemiologic and sociocultural profile of the older Chilean adults. Besides, programs and public policies focused on the improvement of their quality of life were identified.
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Humanos , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Qualidade de Vida , Política Pública , Envelhecimento , Chile/epidemiologia , Economia Médica , Serviços de Saúde , América LatinaRESUMO
Background Sleep duration may be a risk factor for cognitive impairment. Aim To investigate the association between sleep duration and cognitive function in Chilean older adults. Material and Methods We analyzed information from 1,384 participants aged > 60 years participating in the National Health Survey 2009-2010 who were assessed with the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and self-reported their average daily sleep hours. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between MMSE and sleep duration. Results Compared to those participants who reported sleeping 7 hours per day, those that reported sleeping < 5 hours had a higher odd for cognitive impairment (Odds ratio (OR): 3.66 [95% confidence intervals (CI: 1.69; 7.95], p < 0.01). Similarly, those who reported sleeping > 8 hours per day also showed a higher odd for cognitive impairment (OR: 2.56 [95% CI: 1.32; 4.95], p < 0.01). This association was even stronger for people who reported more than 10 hours of sleep per day (OR: 4.46 [95% CI: 1.32; 4.95], p < 0.01). Conclusions Long and short sleep duration is associated with cognitive impairment in older adults in Chile independent of major confounding factors.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Sono/fisiologia , Cognição/fisiologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/fisiopatologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Fatores de Tempo , Fatores de Risco , Estilo de VidaRESUMO
Background: Healthy lifestyles are associated with a better metabolic and cardiovascular health profile. Aim: To investigate the association between a lifestyle score and cardiovascular risk in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: A healthy lifestyle score was derived for 2,774 participants in the Chilean National Health Survey 2009-2010 and based on seven modifiable behaviors (salt intake, fruit and vegetable intake, alcohol consumption, sleep duration, smoking, physical activity and sedentary behaviors). A high score represented a healthier lifestyle whereas a low score represents an unhealthy lifestyle. The association between the lifestyle score and cardiovascular risk factors (obesity, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome), was explored using logistic regression models. Results: One quartile increment in the healthy lifestyle score was associated with a lower risk for obesity (Odds ratio (OR): 0.82 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.75 to 0.90], p < 0.01), central obesity (OR: 0.88 [95% CI: 0.81 to 0.96], p < 0.01), diabetes (OR: 0.84 [95% CI: 0.75 to 0.95], p < 0.04) and dyslipidemia (OR: 0.90 [95% CI: 0.83 to 0.98], p = 0.01). These results were independent of major confounding factors. Conclusions: The adherence to a healthy lifestyle is associated with lower cardiovascular risk.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Estilo de Vida Saudável , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Chile/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Atividade MotoraRESUMO
Background: Fat-mass-associated-gene (FTO) is associated with higher energy intake and specific food preferences. Aim: To investigate the association of the FTO genotype with energy intake, macronutrient and alcohol consumption. Material and Methods: Four hundred and nine participants of the GENADIO (Genes, Environment, Diabetes and Obesity) study were included. Energy intake, macronutrient and alcohol consumption were the outcomes of interest. The association of FTO (rs9939609) genotype with these outcomes was investigated using linear regression analyses, adjusting for confounding variables. Results: After adjusting for socio-demographic factors, being a carrier of the risk allele for the FTO gene was associated with a higher energy intake (173 kcal per each extra copy of the risk variant [95% confidence intervals (CI): 45; 301], (P = 0.008). After adjusting for lifestyle factors and body mass index, the association was slightly attenuated but remained significant (144 kcal [95% CI: 14; 274], p = 0.030). Conclusions: The FTO genotype is associated with a higher energy intake.